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Viewers familiar with Peter Halley’s iconography since 1981—a  rectilinear syntax of cells, prisons, and conduits diagramming  isolation and technological metastasis in the postmodern metro polis—will find it revelatory to encounter the artist’s paintings from  the late 1970s, when he stood at the cusp of what was to become his  definitive style. While in many ways his paintings from 1977 and  1978 presaged impending developments in his work, their concep­ tual agenda was significantly different from those that followed.  The paintings, all gouache on paper, reflected a host of contempo­ raneous influences, as well as aspects of the city in which they were  painted, New Orleans, Louisiana. In light of their overlap with,  and divergence from, his post-1981 paintings, it is intriguing that  on both sides of that pivotal divide, Halley adopted essentially the  same strategy: deploying the vocabulary of geometric abstraction  to articulate forms that are in fact pointedly referential.

The context of these works is interwoven with key art move­ ments of the 1970s. Among these were New Image Painting, which  sought a return to representation after Minimalism’s unremitting  formalism; and the Pattern and Decoration movement, which,  along with Feminist Art, posited alternatives to the hegemony of  entrenched patriarchal structures in art and culture. Peter Halley,  erudite in the history of modernism and particularly immersed in  the aesthetics of Henri Matisse, was also drawn to the art of Meso America, Africa, and the Middle East. As an artist committed to  the possibilities of the straight line, he was deeply curious about the  application of rectilinear geometry within pictorial systems unbe­ holden to the Western canon. “The movements I was interested in,”  he reflects, “had rejected the model of Western European art and  industrialized culture and were looking to non-Western, non-pater­ nalistic sources as a foundation on which to form a cultural ethos.”  The gouaches were part of an inquiry into motifs that fascinated  him in non-Western art. In them we find nods to Native American  and Meso-American traditions: abstracted landscape/skyscapes that  reference the step patterns of Navajo art, abstracted trees inspired  by Hopi kachina figures, and depictions of the teepee dwellings of  the Plains Indians. There are references to Islamic mosques, tombs,  shrines, and boats that recall Egyptian funerary barques.

As this was also an era of new approaches to comparative religion and the emergence of multicultural studies, Halley made a point to intersperse Western images among the non-Western, including highly stylized depictions of the Christian cross and the crucifixion of Jesus. Art-historical references also abound: homages to Matisse’s reclining figures and bathing nudes; the whimsically titled “Mondrian’s Tree,” which invokes the famously nature-averse neoplasticist by way of a twinkly, primary-colored grid straight out of “Broadway Boogie Woogie”; depictions of Persian tombs that slyly invert the compo sitional schema of Kenneth Noland; a visual pun at the expense of Renaissance chiaroscuro in the one of the “Crucifixion” paintings of 1978 (one of Christ’s legs is black, the other white); and an acknow ledgement of Pop Art’s appropriation of unconventional and lowbrow media via craft-store stars and stickers in the “Boat” and “Teepee” paintings. (Halley’s use of unconventional materials would continue in the 1980s and beyond with his appropriation of Roll-a-Tex, a texture additive for house paint, and a motley assortment of print media, among them vacuum-formed plastic and molded fiberglass.)

Across the breadth of their subject matter, the gouaches have a graphic economy and quasi-Jungian archetypalism very much in the vein of New Image Painting. In a reappraisal of the 1978 exhi bition “New Image Painting” at the Whitney Museum of American Art, Roberta Smith, writing in 1987 in The New York Times, noted the movement’s influence on Halley. “The taut, hard-edged silhou ettes of [Joe] Zucker and [Robert] Moskowitz,” she wrote, “have been connected with those of Philip Taaffe and Peter Halley… Halley’s factory and electric battery shapes in particular suggest a kind of abstracted, geometric New Imagery.” In my January 2017 interview with Halley, he confirmed the link: “I’ve never been able to see abstract art as abstract. And so the first time I saw one of Joel Shapiro’s house sculptures or Jennifer Bartlett’s huge piece, ‘Rhapsody,’ with geometric houses and landscapes, they totally made sense to me.” His work from this period, he adds, “was about turning geometry into images, but unlike my present work, the images were drawn from ethnology and based on symbolic represen tations of the rhythms of nature as underlying truths about the world. They had symbolic resonance to me at the time.”

The paintings are rooted not only in their time, but also in their  sense of place. Born and raised in Manhattan, Halley had first come  to New Orleans in the summer of 1973 and was invigorated by the  city’s sultry climate and dynamic cultural mélange. He stayed a year,  then returned to the Northeast, graduating from Yale University in  1975 with an undergraduate degree in art history (his senior thesis  was on Matisse). Afterwards he returned to New Orleans, which  became his home base as he traveled in Central America and North  Africa, studying pre-Columbian and Islamic art and architecture.  He also entered the University of New Orleans’s M.F.A. program,  from which he graduated in 1978. Halley responded strongly to the  “intensified sense of color” he experienced in Louisiana, and indeed,  the gouache paintings fairly hum with highly pitched, vibrational  chromaticism. Although the region’s glowing, humidity-diffused  sunlight and flamboyantly painted buildings did not give the artist  his predilection for vivid color—it was already established—they  certainly affirmed and reinforced it.

To live in and ambulate through this atmosphere also played  into Halley’s youthful idylls of a Matissean Eden, with the Gulf of  Mexico standing in for the Mediterranean. “What I remember so  distinctly,” he remarks of his first trip to New Orleans, “is going  there in college with friends, driving straight through, taking turns  at the wheel, and finally hitting the Gulf Coast—getting out of  the car at a gas station and seeing the Gulf of Mexico for the first  time—and thinking that here, finally, was this place similar to how  one would feel about the Mediterranean: a kind of Middle Sea of  semi-tropical conditions and the comforting, relaxing quality of the  warm breeze.” It is worth noting, vis-à-vis Matisse, that some of  Halley’s “Boat” paintings from 1977 are gouache collages, obliquely  recalling Matisse’s late-career gouache cut-outs.

Given the aquatic environs, it would be tempting to interpret  the sparkly checkerboard grids in “Fez” and the “Tree” paintings  of 1977 as evocations of sunlight glinting off waves in the Gulf or  the Mississippi River, but something different is at play in these  works. While the grids’ colors may seem arbitrary, like the frenetic  dancing of prismatic light on water, Halley has in fact plotted  the chromatic distribution quite meticulously, embedding images within subtle interactions of pattern. “Four Crosses” (1977) gives an initial impression of randomized color à la Ellsworth Kelly’s “Spectrum Colors Arranged by Chance” (1951–53), but there is in fact an easy-to-miss repeating pattern subsumed within its grid of shimmering squares. “What many artists were doing at the time,” he says, “was taking strategies from Minimalist repetition, such as Kelly’s colored grids, and turning it into something more dynamic.”

It is worth noting that aspects of the gouaches’ imagery presage Halley’s subsequent compositions. A “Tree” painting from 1977— red square atop white platform, blue rectangle branching down beneath it—seems prototypical of the cell-and-underground conduit compositions he took up in the early 80s. A 1977 painting of the Kaaba in Mecca, the most sacred site of Islam, predates by 36 years his series of paintings referencing the Kaaba, which debuted in a 2013 exhibition at Mottahedan Projects in Dubai. A 1977 piece depicting blocks of bold color, entitled “The Islamic Problem,” looks ahead to a series of citrus-hued mixed grids he began exhi biting in early 2015. In his “Cross” studies and paintings of 1978, there is a muscular sense of permutation, of similar or identical compositions taken through varied color schemes for an Albers-like panoply of effects; this is a tactic Halley employs to this day. Finally, his modus operandi of distilling an image—teepee, boat, figure, tree—into a motif elegant enough to serve as a signifier, is the very strategy he applied in 1981 when he arrived at the iconic cells, prisons, and conduits that became the cornerstones of his mature pictorial lexicon.

Halley left New Orleans and returned to New York in 1980. He was 26 years old. Back in the vertical metropolis, with its dingy tenements and cold winters, he began making paintings that were very different from his New Orleans work. Despite its population density, New York can be a lonely city; Halley’s feel ings of isolation during this period dovetailed with his readings of Michel Foucault and Jean Baudrillard, whose respective emphases on the geometry of control and the transmogrification of subject into simulacrum had a seismic impact on his thinking. In 1981 he painted “The Prison of History,” a menacing cinderblock façade with barred windows, and with that epiphanic piece, the erstwhile 1110 essentialism of his late-1970s work and mindset gave inexorably  way to a career-long exploration of the often sinister forces medi ating late-20th and early-21st century technology and society.  As he would reflect in his 1990 essay, “Geometry and the Social,” “the idea of a connection between geometry and the natural order— the idea that behind appearance there might be some kind of  abstract order in nature…became impossible for me. I think at that  time there was a watershed, reflected in many artists’ work, after  which many of the truisms about cross-cultural experience, nature,  as well as various other claims associated with Modernism and  modernity, became problematic.”

It has now been nearly forty years since that sea-change in  Halley’s thought. To look back upon the late-70s gouaches from  this remove is to re-encounter a worldview that feels, in a sense,  prelapsarian. We infer imminent transitions: New Orleans to  New York; New Image to Neo-Geo; idealism and romanticism to  skepticism and post-structuralism; relative obscurity to the satis factions and pressures of art-world renown; and a larger cultural  trajectory from the earnestness of the Carter presidency and the  exhilaration of the Sexual Revolution to the dual specters of the  Reagan presidency and the AIDS epidemic. For Halley, as for the  nation, these transitions were jarring and epochal. The gouache  paintings, with their cheery checkerboards and gold-star appliqué,  gaze at us across the divide as from another world. Is it possible  for squares, rectangles, and the occasional triangle to engender  nostalgia? If so, then the gouaches conjure up the sweet, heavy  scents of the Vieux Carré: magnolia, bougainvillea, oleander, and  the faintest whiff of apple blossom wafting through the garden.